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Place-names on Pont's maps by Christopher
Fleet and
Dr. Simon Taylor
Timothy Pont's maps are an invaluable source of information about Scottish
place-names.
Most obviously, they contain a large number of place-names. According
to Jeffrey Stone, the manuscript and engraved maps collectively show
over 20,000 individually named places (Stone, 1989, p.5).
Second, of greater importance, the maps are not only the earliest
cartographic source for most of these names (therefore providing
graphic information on their location) but also the earliest source
of any kind, textual or graphic.
Third, Pont was a very diligent and detailed recorder: for some areas,
there are not only more names than on any later mapping, but also names
that do not appear in any other source (Taylor & Wentworth, 2001). For
example, ylen Gewish or Eilean Giuthais ('Scots fir or
pine island') in Loch Maree in Wester Ross (Pont 4), or Cunninghols
in Fife [Gordon 54] can only be found on Pont maps. In general, Pont's
place-name information was not surpassed until the Roy Military Survey
and county maps of the 18th century.
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Fourth, Pont's ability to record names as he heard them provides valuable clues to the late 16th-century pronunciation of names. For example, he records Ballinbreich as Bambryich - the way it is still pronounced today - and he records Highland Gaelic names from a lowland Scots perspective (eg. ylen, Stra, etc.).
Finally, Pont sometimes recorded the meaning of names, as when he notes Bhellachmaddy
or Woolfs Way (probably for the Gaelic Bealach Madaidh,
or 'Wolf's Pass', or less likely Bealach nam Madadh, 'Pass
of the Wolves') on Pont 3 or when he writes Aalach is the yrish
na[me] of atholl on Pont 20. Pont's description of Cunningham,
'Cunninghame Topographized' also records etymological information,
often in the form of accurate and colourful descriptions, such
as Achindarroch nether, vich Irisch or ancient Scotts vord
signifies a fold or cast of manured soyle amongest oake trees,
or vithin ane ocke voode (Fullarton, 1853, 9). (Achindarroch
does in fact derive from Gaelic achadh an daraich, 'field
of the oak', or acadh nan darach, 'field of the oaks').
Of course, those using the maps for place-names must be wary
of a few potential pitfalls. Pont's maps do contain occasional
omissions of places known to exist in areas where the maps survive.
Also, even if one adds to Pont's surviving manuscript maps the
maps which Joan Blaeu had engraved for his great atlas of 1654,
and which were largely based on Pont manuscript maps (some of
which no longer survive), parts of Northern and Highland Scotland
are only covered by maps containing relatively little detail and
relatively few place-names. What is more, although Pont's handwriting
for place-names is usually clear, not all names can be deciphered
unambiguously, and the lack of standard forms for names in Pont's
time often leads to different forms of the same name appearing
on different maps (eg. Tunk and Tung for Tongue;
Weemb and Weemh for Weems).
A number of recent projects have demonstrated the value of recording
and studying place-names on Pont's maps, particularly by linking
Pont's maps with later place-name sources and building historical
gazetteers of Pont names. As Ruth Richens has shown for Clydesdale,
recording place-names can also provide valuable clues to Pont's
survey methods, and further conclusions can be drawn on the topographic
accuracy of the maps by linking Pont's names to their modern equivalents
(eg. Dumfriesshire, Stone, 1968; Eskdale and Ewesdale, Robinson,
1994). The National Library of Scotland's Map Library have been
keen to co-ordinate research on Pont's place names to avoid duplication,
as well as collate the results of particular research projects,
and they can be contacted at maps@nls.uk.
It is hoped that, in the future, this work can be brought together
and built upon through the integration of place-name information
in the emerging Scottish Place-Names Database, about which more
information is available on the
Scottish Place-Name Society website.
For a fuller discussion of the place of Pont in the study of
Scottish placenames, see the chapter 'Pont and Place-Names' by
Simon Taylor and Roy Wentworth in The Nation Survey'd,
edited by Ian C. Cunningham.
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